Censorship in the First World War
The book inspection department of the Deutsche Bücherei 1916-1918Formal press freedom was suspended at the outset of the First World War. Control of the media was passed over to 62 various censor’s offices in the military, which acted independently of one another.
Chronometer
The A-Z of industrialisationChronometers, time-keeping devices or clocks provide an abstract framework for coordinating procedures of all kinds. The uniformly rhythmic measurement of time that passes irrespective of day or night, summer or winter, urban or rural environment, allows for the successful operation of railway systems (Networks), factories (Factory) and universities (Science).
Colours for word and image
In the eye of the beholderSubstrates for writing can be painted, written or printed on, or stamped using chalks and charcoal, inks, Indian inks, paints or varnishes. This is done freehand using tools or using forms made for the purpose such as stamps or stencils.
Colportage
Literature “worn around the neck”In addition to lending libraries, book stores and reading clubs, colportage was one of the sources of literature in the 18th and 19th centuries. Door-to-door salesmen carried all manner of books, brochures and booklets in hawker's trays and baskets which they offered for sale primarily to poor country folk. The reading materials ranged from religious booklets to schoolbooks and “Volksbüchlein” containing popular stories.
Commerce
The A-Z of industrialisationBusinesses refer to commercial activities in the manual crafts and industry that are operated on their own expense to make a profit (Capital). Economic freedom means having the right to freely choose one’s profession, a training facility and a place of work. Businesses can not only be operated in factories (Factory), but also in the open air (agriculture, forestry, haulage companies) or at home.
Computer as a universal machine
Considered the paragon of human technological evolution, the modern high-performance computer is the product of a long chain of discoveries and inventions. The roots of the modern computer lie in mankind’s use of numbers and mathematical calculations
Copyright
The A-Z of industrialisationCopyright is the exclusive right an author has to his or her own intellectual creations. The author decides on the type, form and point in time for publishing and grants the publisher the corresponding rights of use, which must be paid for.
Copyright law in the digital age
In the shortest space of time, the digital media revolution has shaken up distribution channels that have been around for decades. Never before has it been so easy and convenient to publish, copy, edit and distribute both one's own content and content generated by third parties – at the most rapid of speeds and beyond national borders.
Covers – Provenance
Where does a book come from?The provenance, i.e. the origin of printed works, is an important component in the indexing of individual books. After formal and content-based categorisation, this is the third level of indexing depth.
Cross references
The A-Z of industrialisationCross references link up text sections (Networks) in reference works and documents.
